Anacapa Island, CA Located 14 miles off the coast of Ventura, California, Anacapa Island comprises three islands strung closely together: East, Middle and West Anacapa. The easternmost island in the Channel Islands Archipelago, Anacapa is part of the Channel Islands National Park established in 1978.
BALANCE RESTORED ON ANACAPA ISLAND
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housands of birds use Anacapa Island as a nesting area due to its natural lack of predators. But invasive, non-native black rats were inadvertently brought to Anacapa in the 1940’s aboard ships traveling to the islands. Island Conservation and other conservation groups began studying the impact of black rats on native seabird populations in the mid-1990s. Biologists discovered high rates of predation on murrelet eggs and found bird bands outside rat nests, evidence that rats were eating young birds. More than 96% of Scripps’s Murrelet nests on Anacapa were being predated by invasive rats.
In 2001 and 2002, Island Conservation and our partners removed invasive rats from Anacapa Island, and subsequent monitoring confirmed the rats were gone. In the absence of these invasive predators, Scripps’s Murrelets rebounded almost immediately. We continue to see strong evidence of murrelet population growth through the expansion of breeding area, increased nest occupancy, and a higher number of eggs laid at one time. Today, hatching success among the murrelets is greater than 90%, compared to less than 20% when rats occupied the island. Cassin’s Auklets have also re-colonized the island. In 2011, Endangered Ashy Storm-petrels established nesting sites on the island for the first time ever. With the island free of invasive rats, we continue to see the island return back to what it once might have been.
A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR NATIVE SPECIES
1. SCRIPPS’S MURRELET
A small black-and-white seabird, the Scripps’s Murrelet breeds only on a handful of islands off the coast of southern California and Baja California, Mexico. With the loss of its safe breeding habitat on the rise and a global population of less than 10,000, this rare seabird is listed as Threatened by the state of California and as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The murrelet was spared an “Endangered” listing due to Island Conservation’s efforts to remove invasive species on many of the islands where the seabirds breed, including Anacapa.
2. CASSIN’S AUKLET
A small seabird, the Cassin’s Auklet depends on burrows for nesting. Despite having a wide range from Baja California up to Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, Cassin’s Auklets were unable to breed on Anacapa Island in the face of rat predation. Since the removal of rats, Cassin’s Auklets have returned to Anacapa and started breeding on one of its islets.
3. ANACAPA DEER MOUSE
Each Channel Island is home to a unique subspecies of deer mouse—the islands’ only endemic mammal. Until 2002, invasive rats competed with the Anacapa Deer Mouse for food and directly preyed on them. During removal of invasive rats, Anacapa Deer Mice were held in captivitiy to ensure their safety and survival. Today the mouse population is thriving.
PROJECT MISSION
To restore habitat for native animals and plants on Anacapa Island by removing invasive rats.
PROJECT VISION
Native species are breeding and flourishing once again.
THE PROBLEM
Invasive black rats on Anacapa Island decimated native seabird populations, particularly the threatened Scripps’s Murrelet (formerly Xantus’s Murrelet), by eating eggs and young chicks. Rats also directly preyed on the endemic Anacapa Deer Mice, a species not found anywhere else.
THE SOLUTION
In 2001and 2002, Island Conservation, the Channel Islands National Park, California Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration removed invasive rats from Anacapa Island.
THE RESULT
Nesting success among Scripps’s Murrelets increased by 91% the year after rats were removed. Within seven years, nesting adults increased by more than 93%. Cassin’s Auklets, previously absent from Anacapa, are now breeding on the island, and the Anacapa Deer Mice are thriving. In 2013, for the first time ever, Endangered Ashy Storm-petrels were recorded breeding on the island.
Project Manager
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Gregg HowaldDirector of Global and External Affairs
Gregg Howald
Director of Global and External Affairs
Gregg has been working in the island conservation field for more than nineteen years, and since 1999 has focused on the restoration of island ecosystems internationally. Gregg serves as Island Conservation’s Director of Global and External Affairs, and his experience and expertise are utilized for many of IC’s projects worldwide. Gregg has developed a diverse array of North American partnerships among federal government agencies, private industry, NGOs, research scientists, and local communities. These partnerships have led to the direct implementation or consultation on more than forty island restoration projects and programs throughout North America—ranging from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to tropical Mexico and west to Hawaii, the Central Pacific, and Micronesia, as well as South America on the Galápagos Islands. Gregg earned an MS in ecotoxicology from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and has assisted the US Environmental Protection Agency, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Department of Agriculture, among others, with project planning and policy guidance. Together this work established a precedent for the successful registration and authorized use of conservation rodenticide products for rodent removals on islands in North and South America.
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